The classic era movie studio heads! They were awful. But which one was the worst?
Barney Balaban (Paramount): So boringly professional he’s mostly known for creating a system of theater chains and being character actor Bob Balaban’s uncle as opposed to anything he did as a studio head.
Carl Laemmle, Jr. (Universal): Given the studio as a 21st birthday present (the Laemmles had over 70 relatives working at Universal), he subsequently ran the studio into the ground with expensive productions. The changes made afterward resulted in Universal’s reputation as a low-budget studio for independent actors and horror thrillers.
Darryl F. Zanuck (Twentieth Century Fox): When a TCM biography calls someone “one of the more pleasant of the Golden Age studio titans,” you know they won’t get much traction on this list. Sure, he was a serial philanderer — but, much like being a HUAC witness, union buster, or admirer of fascist dictators, that’s just what studio heads did. He’s remembered these days for his cigar-chomping affectations and as a model “creative producer” who helped usher significant, socially conscious movies into existence. Okay, sure, he might have bankrupted Twentieth Century Fox by showering lavish gifts on his Parisian girlfriend and putting his incompetent son in charge, but considering his peers, that barely registers.
Jack Warner (Warner Bros): Essentially cruel for fun, the garishly suited Jack Warner would crack bad jokes and fire anyone who didn’t laugh. Or he’d fire people to keep them on their toes. Or he’d fire people just because it was Tuesday. A noted bully among notable bullies, he engineered a shadow coup against his brothers and seized control of the studio, taking credit (and even accepting the Academy Award!) for Casablanca despite having absolutely nothing to do with it. Actors hated dealing with his personality, and directors hated his cheapness and fondness for quick and dirty productions. As Director Gottfried Reinhardy put it, “Harry Cohn was a sonofabitch but he did it for business; he was not a sadist. [Louis B.] Mayer could be a monster, but he was not mean for the sake of meanness. Jack was.”
Jack Warner’s sole redeeming quality was the studio’s strong anti-Nazi stance: Under his banner, Warner Bros. produced anti-Nazi films while other studios were quietly removing names from credits that looked “too Jewish” for German theatrical runs. This decision could have been less ideological and due more to the fact that the studio’s representative in Germany had been murdered for failing to sieg heil, but with these guys, you take what you can get.
David O. Selznick (Selznick International Pictures/The Selznick Studio): David had a lot of personality and a desire to distinguish himself from the Hollywood royalty he married into, which manifested in a need for creative control of all the movies he produced (he wanted Rebecca to end with a huge smoky “R” floating over the wreckage) as well as his numerous lengthy memos sent to anyone remotely involved in a film’s production. He was furious at Hitchcock for not providing enough alternate takes and coverage so he could produce his own cut of the movies he was making. Hitchcock cast Raymond Burr as the villain of Rear Window based on his resemblance to Selznick. While filming The Third Man, Selznick introduced director Carol Reed to amphetamines so he could pull 22-hour days. (No one else got amphetamines, they just got 22-hour days.) His speed habit meant he sometimes gave rambling speeches to houseplants at parties.
But Selznick’s story is dominated by Jennifer Jones. In short: David Selznick meets a young actress on the set of her first movie (co-starring with her husband, Robert Walker), gives her a new name, and then becomes slowly, terribly obsessed with her. Selznick then starts courting Jones right under Walker’s nose, and Jones can’t say no; this man has the power of life and death over her career and they’ve been struggling for so long. They begin an affair, with Selznick giving notes on how the real-life husband and wife team of Walker and Jones should act together in Since You Went Away, rubbing the affair in Walker’s face. Selznick pulls out all the stops to make Jones a huge, bona fide, grade-A Star. She separates from Robert Walker, who starts drinking a lot. A lot. Like “Judy Garland Is Concerned You’re Drinking Too Much” a lot. Eventually Jennifer files for divorce, but she has to wait four years until Irene Mayer (one of the Ms in MGM) divorces Selznick. In the interim, Jones became a pariah, a failed home-wrecker. Walker goes off the deep end, eventually dying from a drug complication after he had to be sedated due to “an emotional state.” Lots of people assume Selznick forced Jennifer into marrying him, and that is what killed Robert Walker. For this, Selznick ends up an outcast (although people would never say it to his face) and gets more and more insular and dependent on Jones, who’s acting less and less. The whole family remains a lighting rod of misery until Selznick’s death in 1965.
Howard Hughes (RKO): Every classic Hollywood story eventually ends up in Howard Hughes’s pants, and he was eccentric enough for several competing biopics, but was he personally awful? Oh, boy…
While his wealth and secrecy makes it hard to suss out the truth from the gossip, it’s public knowledge Hughes preyed on underage girls (and, by some accounts, slightly older men), essentially imprisoning them in his mansions or stuffing them away in hidden apartments. He micromanaged people right down to their hair and outfits, employed a network of spies and informants to keep people in line, and treated everyone like machines he could turn off or on. Sure, he bailed out Kate Hepburn by buying the rights to The Philadelphia Story. While he gave Ida Lupino a director gig that would make her one of the first female directors in Hollywood, it doesn’t obscure the fact that he started dating Ida when she was literally high school-aged. Or that he locked people in long contracts that put them out of work for years. Or that he had Ava Gardner professionally stalked by detectives for the audacious crime of not marrying him, to the point where she nearly killed him by knocking him unconscious with an ashtray. The word “creep” comes up a lot when reading about Hughes.
Plus, one of his movies gave people cancer. The Conqueror (starring john Wayne as Genghis Khan) was shot downwind of above-ground nuclear bomb tests. Out of 220 cast and crew members, 91 developed some form of cancer, not counting people who developed cancer after visiting the set.
Harry Cohn (Columbia): You can talk about his notoriously bad temper, his pettiness, the signed photo of Mussolini on his desk, his ties to organized crime, or the bugs he planted all over the studio, but nothing quite summarizes Cohn like the rumor that he had secret passages installed leading into his leading ladies’ dressing rooms because sleeping with him was a requirement for getting a contract. When Rita Hayworth wouldn’t sleep with him, he ruined her professional life. In her own words: “I used to have to punch a time clock at Columbia, every day of my life. That’s what it was like. I was under exclusive contract, like they owned me … I think he had my dressing room bugged … He was very possessive of me as a person, he didn’t want me to go out with anybody, have any friends. No one can live that way. So I fought him … You want to know what I think of Harry Cohn? He was a monster.”
When it became clear Sammy Davis, Jr. was dating Kim Novak, Cohn tried to get his mob buddies to break Davis’s legs. They settled for forcing him to marry Loray White, a Black singer he’d never met. (There was a one-year contract and everything! The whole thing is here, and it’s worse than you can imagine.)
Louis B. Mayer (MGM): Mayer was the top of heap, the biggest cheese, the most mogul of moguls. As the head of the most lavish studio in town, he was the highest-paid man in America and best friends with William Randolph Hearst. He was The Guy, the one who gave Hedy Lamarr her name and paid Judy Garland’s hospital bills after encouraging her pill addiction.
Other studio heads could ruin people’s careers; Mayer could have people killed.
The Los Angeles District Attorney was super chummy with Mayer and his right-hand man, Eddie Mannix, a studio fixer whose preferred method of shutting people up was to hit them with his car. Mayer went on Louella Parsons’s radio show weekly and lied his ass off about how “stars are born, not made,” how the public decides what’s popular, and how wholesome and all-American Hollywood was. Privately, he was more “I made you and I can break you.” No one in the press or law enforcement was ever going to go after Mayer.
Which is why he could cover up things like the “Girl 27” scandal, the rape and silencing of a bit player over the course of decades. They made a movie about it, and you can read the original David Stenn Vanity Fair article here or listen to the You Must Remember This podcast episode about it. Essentially, women were hired to be hostesses at an MGM distributor party which turned into a violent, drunken horror show. One woman, Patricia Douglas, fought back, pressed charges, and had her entire life ruined by MGM over the course of the next 40 years. This one cover-up and campaign of destruction was not uniquely terrible — although it was gross and horrible and involved an enormous corporation dedicating itself to the systematic ruination of a single person over the course of decades — but what’s shocking is how commonplace it seemed. The kind of misdirection, bribery, and casual intimidation and assault carried out against Douglas was everyday business for the studio. Keeping MGM clean meant making a lot of things dirty, and at the peak of the system’s power and influence, someone working on Mayer’s orders could literally get away with murder. That’s why he’s number one.
***
Additional Reading/Listening:
The Secret History of Hollywood Podcast
You Must Remember This Podcast
This is fascinating and horrifying and I loved reading it.
Terrifying AND fascinating. Which, honestly, is why I come to the Toast.
I’m half-remembering from the You Must Remember This about Selznick that one of his passion projects was a film where Jennifer Jones played a little girl(!!!) who a painter becomes obsessed with, and every time he meets her she seems to be growing older faster than is possible and it turns out she’s a ghost, and both Jones’ child from her first marriage and her daughter with Selznick became obsessed with this film and it’s all just like nooooo….
The film I’m thinking of seems to be Portrait of Jennie and I am never watching it.
Yes, it’s Portrait of Jennie. It’s been several years since I watched it, but I recall liking it. When the painter, played by Joseph Cotten, first meets Jennie she’s supposed to be 12, I think, but I didn’t get the sense that it was icky. I mean, Cotten didn’t play it like he was creeping on her. It’s an odd little movie, but Jennifer Jones is very good in it. Selznick was really bad for her, which is an understatement.
that movie is so fucking weird
and it’s not even the only one of its kind! which is even more weird
While I agree that the backstory to Portrait of Jennie is fraught (to say the least)… it is a truly sublime, touching film in spite of (or thanks to) its weirdness and I really hope you’ll reconsider watching it. Jennifer Jones’ performance is haunting and Joseph Cotten grounds her otherworldliness with his searching loneliness. If that isn’t your cup of tea, Ethel Barrymore also plays a spinster named SPINNEY and is perfection incarnate.
Wow wow wow. I had no idea how specifically horrible these guys were.
(The cigar-chomping illustration looks kinda like the dwarves from Oglaf. It’s…strangely appropriate.)
Not enough cocks. At least not enough of the ones that shoot fire and are attached to the hilts of swords.
This whole thing came together from researching (OH god I spent over a hundred dollars on BOOKS ABOUT BEING GAY IN THE 40s) for something set in the studio era.
Also, in a round about way, I finally got to see Hail, Ceasar and I did the superhero movie cosplay thing …. https://twitter.com/leavittalone/status/696715212…
Another pop culture rec related to this: the Image comic The Fade Out (by Ed Brubaker and Sean Phillips) takes place in Hollywood during the blacklist period, and features starlets, a brutal enforcer and a studio head with secret passageways into dressing rooms. It is also, fair warning. REALLY dark. But it looks beautiful, and the single issues have essays by Devin Faraci about old Hollywood scandals in the back.
Thanks for the recommendation! I’ll definitely be tracking that down.
Was one of them Hollywood Babylon?? I bet it was!
no! Although I do own It, HB is like, famously poorly sourced and gossipy. I bought things like Charles Brackett diaries and COMING OUT UNDER FIRE, DREADFUL, IN BED WITH GORE VIDAL, CARY GRANT, A DOUBLE LIFE: The Cukor bio, CITY OF NETS, The super silly books of gossip like THE PINK TRIANGLE and like, “Hollywood Gays” and way way more then I want to list .
In short if you want to find a gay bar in LA in 1946 im your guy.
I WANT TO READ THE BRICK FOXHOLE SO MUCH BUT ITS A HUNDRED DOLLARS ON AMAZON – it was remade for Hollywood but it’s about a bunch of marines investigating someone killing thier friend who was killed by homophobes , in the movie it turned to anti-Semiticsm.
Have you checked your local library? Most do Interlibrary Loan for free or with minimal fees, so you can have a chance to read it/photocopy or note the good stuff. I do it all the time for weird out of print stuff.
IN BED WITH GORE VIDAL????
*dies*
The Laemmles had over 70 relatives working at Universal
As Ogden Nash once wrote of Carl Laemmle, Sr.:
Uncle Carl Laemmle
Has a very large faemmle.
I love Ogden Nash so much. 😀
So if anyone here hasn’t listened to You Must Remember This and is at all interested in golden age Hollywood history, I highly recommend it. The Howard Hughes series is a decent jumping off point, but nothing’s been more fascinating to me than the Charles Manson’s Hollywood episodes.
David O. Selznick is one of my favorite, uh, characters on YMRT and I scanned this list VERY EAGERLY for him.
I thought Karina would maybe never be able to top the Manson series. I was wrong. VERY wrong.
The first Blacklist episode is very good!
I am so excited about the Hollywood blacklist theme to the latest series!
I absolutely love YMRT and recommend it all the time. Each episode is a beautifully written, intelligent, thoughtful essay taking in culture, history, feminism, technology and much more. As well as the content, I love how it’s presented – the narration, acting, editing, use of music, the glamorous aesthetic used to present often ugly truths about Hollywood. Karina Longworth is a genius.
I also think the way she says “…by Karina Longworth. That’s me!” in every episode is somehow really adorable.
Also, AHP’s Classic Hollywood posts on the Hairpin.
I’m torn between being really interested in this and being worried that I’ll find out that some of the classic Hollywood figures I practically idolized as a kid were actually horrible people. Like, most of it would be really fascinating, but there are some people that you just want to keep believing are as good as they seem.
are there transcripts/summaries for YMRT? i can’t do podcasts.
I know that Karina posts show notes for every episode so you can get a gauge of what references she used and from what angle she approached the story. So if you go the site, you can see those there.
Thanks! it’s always frustrating to go “ooooh, that podcast looks fascinating!” and then not be able to actually access any of the information therein. I’ll have to poke around when i get home.
I just started YMRT by diving into the Manson episodes last week and HOLY WOW I can’t stop yelling at everyone I know to listen to that shitshow of drugs and murders and other completely illogical choices driven by drugs and murders
I got a question in a trivia game right by knowing who Squeaky tried to assassinate and was WAY too proud of myself.
I think the most fascinating part to me was seeing how prolonged and intense exposure to LSD (with some speed thrown in) can warp an entire group’s reality. And not just the Manson cult, some of the other famous and not so famous characters doing a lot of substances that were woven in to the story.
That Vanity Fair article is truly astounding and horrifying. The writer interviewed an 86 year old Patricia Douglas. Wow.
Holy cow, just finished reading the Vanity Fair link and just awful, awful, awful what happened to Ms. Douglas. And you know these events continue to play out even today (maybe minus the contract killings and owning entire police departments); wasn’t there a high powered studio executive that was recently accused of sexual assault? Read it on Jezebel months ago….
Not to mention the seeming untouchableness of a certain B. Singer
YES, that was the individual I was referring to!
It amazes and horrifies me that that guy still gets high profile work and accolades. A LOT of people have some serious shit on their conscience right now.
Oh I know we all love you must remember this (which has a new episode today! And is doing the blacklist era!) but I really recommend the Secret History Of Hollywood podcast, they’re LOOOONG (like three hours) and EXHAUSTIVELY DETAILED and very entertaining. I put on the HUNTING WITCHES WITH WALT DISNEY episode and ended up cleaning my entire kitchen top to bottom cause I didn’t want it to end
There was some program that was the first time I ever learned how effed up old Hollywood was. It has driven me crazy for years that I cannot remember if it was an A&E Biography episode or some other docu-show or what because I was a kid when I saw it. Anyway, there’s this aged starlet who is discussing attending some old Hollywood party when she was younger and this dude opens, like, a freakin’ TRAP DOOR in the floor to reveal an orgy and he says to her something like “why don’t you just hop on down?” and she was just like “WUT. WUT. NO?” (except more genteel, like “oh, I don’t think I had better!”) Kid me watching this show was just like HOW IN THE WORLD WHAT?
“The Conqueror (starring john Wayne as Genghis Khan) was shot downwind of above-ground nuclear bomb tests.”
There are so many things wrong with that sentence.
“Well, at least this movie that gave half the cast and crew cancer was worth it!”
“…oh wait, no.”
Fascinating and salacious, thank you! My understanding of the golden age directors comes from murky half-remembered stories and Christian Borle’s portrayal of Zanuck in “Don’t Say Yes Until I Finish Talking” from the love-to-hate-it show Smash. I wish a good rip of the scene existed on Youtube.
“[Selznick] wanted Rebecca to end with a huge smoky “R” floating over the wreckage” good god
Right?
Someone please recommend ALL the biographies to me.
And we wonder why the movie industry in America is so horrifyingly shitty.
I thought this was ranked for most to least worse for some reason and was wondering why Mayer wasn’t right at the top of the list.
I don't know how I cleaned anything, at all, ever, before I started listening to podcasts.
Mayer was a sanctimonious tyrant and criminal–the worst kind. Harry Cohn was a brute and a thug, but at least he was openly brutal and thuggish.
Favorite Cohn story: Harry and his brother Jack, who ran Columbia’s New York office, were arguing about the Bible for some reason. Harry said, “What the f— do you know about religion? I’ll bet $100 you can’t recite the Lord’s Prayer.”
The two put up their money. Jack said, “Now I lay me down to sleep—”
Harry said, “Ah, s—. I didn’t think you knew it” and handed him $100.
Mayer was a sanctimonious tyrant and criminal–the worst kind. Harry Cohn was a brute and a thug, but at least he was openly brutal and thuggish.